The salient features of the Indian Constitution include:
Federal Structure – The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of government, where powers are divided between the central government and the state governments.
Fundamental Rights – The Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, religion, life and liberty, and equality before the law.
Directive Principles of State Policy – The Constitution lays down certain directive principles that serve as guidelines for the government in framing and implementing policies for the welfare of the people.
Separation of Powers – The Constitution provides for a clear separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, with each branch performing distinct functions and exercising checks and balances over the others.
Independent Judiciary – The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary, which acts as the guardian of the Constitution and ensures that the laws are applied fairly and consistently.
Universal Adult Franchise – The Constitution provides for universal adult franchise, giving every citizen over the age of 18 the right to vote.
Secularism – The Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of religion and establishes India as a secular state, where no religion is given preference over another.
Single Citizenship – The Constitution provides for a single citizenship for all citizens of India, regardless of their place of birth or residence.
These salient features make the Indian Constitution a progressive and inclusive document that ensures the protection of individual rights and freedoms, while also serving as a framework for the efficient and effective functioning of the government.